HYDROLOGY

HYDROLOGY

477 pages
H.M. Raghunath

Contents

Introduction 1

1.1 World’s Water Resources 3
1.2 Water Resources of India 3
1.3 Hydrological Study of Tapti Basin (Central India) 5
1.4 Hydrology and Hydrologic Cycle 11
1.5 Forms of Precipitation 13
1.6 Scope of Hydrology 14
1.7 Hydrological Data 14
1.8 Hydrologic Equation 15

Precipitation 17

2.1 Types of Precipitation 17
2.2 Measurement of Precipitation 18
2.3 Radars 22
2.4 Rain-gauge Density 22
2.5 Estimates of Missing Data and Adjustment of Records 23
2.6 Mean Areal Depth of Precipitation (Pave)26
2.7 Optimum Rain-gauge Network Design 31
2.8 Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) Curves 33
2.9 Graphical Representation of Rainfall 36
2.10 Analysis of Rainfall Data 38
2.11 Mean and Median 43
2.12 Moving Averages Curve 48
2.13 Design Storm and PMP 49
2.14 Snow Pack and Snow Melt 49

Water Losses 60

3.1 Water Losses 60
3.2 Evaporation 60
3.3 Evaporation Pans 62
3.4 Soil Evaporation 66
3.5 Unsaturated Flow 66
3.6 Transpiration 67
3.7 Evapotranspiration 67
3.8 Hydrometeorology 70
3.9 Infiltration 70
3.10 Infiltration Indices 81
3.11 Supra Rain Technique 83
3.12 Watershed Leakage 87
3.13 Water Balance 87

Runoff 96

4.1 Components of Stream Flow 96
4.2 Catchment Characteristics 97
4.3 Mean and Median Elevation 101
4.4 Classification of Streams 103
4.5 Isochrones 104
4.6 Factors Affecting Runoff 104
4.7 Estimation of Runoff 106

Hydrographs 117

5.1 Hydrograph Components 117
5.2 Separation of Streamflow Components 120
5.3 Hydrograph Separation 122
5.4 Unit Hydrograph 124
5.5 Unit Hydrograph from Complex Storms 130
5.6 S-Curve Method 138
5.7 Bernard’s Distribution Graph 142
5.8 Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph 149
5.9 Synthetic Unit Hydrographs 149
5.10 Transposing Unit Hydrographs 154
5.11 Application of Unit Hydrograph 157

Stream Gauging 171

6.1 Methods of Measuring Stream Flow 171
6.2 Current Meter Gaugings 174
6.3 Stage-Discharge-Rating Curve 178
6.4 Selection of Site for a Stream Gauging Station 183

Ground Water 192

7.1 Types of Aquifers and Formations 192
7.2 Confined and Unconfined Aquifers 193
7.3 Darcy’s Law 195
7.4 Transmissibility 196
7.5 Well Hydraulics 196
7.6 Specific Capacity 199
7.7 Cavity Wells 200
7.8 Hydraulics of Open Wells 202
7.9 Construction of Open Wells 206
7.10 Spacing of Wells 207

Floods-Estimation and Control 212

8.1 Size of Floods 212
8.2 Estimation of Peak Flood 213
8.4 Flood Frequency Studies 221
8.5 Encounter Probability 225
8.6 Methods of Flood Control 238
8.7 Soil Conservation Measures 245
8.8 Flood Control Economics 247
8.9 Flood Forecasting and Warning 251

Flood Routing 262

9.1 Reservoir Routing 262
9.2 Stream Flow Routing 270

Storage, Pondage and Flow Duration Curves 280

10.1 Reservoir Mass Curve and Storage 280
10.2 Flow Duration Curves 285
10.3 Pondage 288

Reservoir Sedimentation 298

11.1 Sediment Movement and Deposition 298
11.2 Reduction in Reservoir Capacity 300
11.3 Reservoir Sedimentation Control 303

Arid, Semi-Arid and Humid Regions 306

12.1 Arid Regions 306
12.2 Semi-Arid Regions 307
12.3 Humid Regions 309

Linear Regression 315

13.1 Fitting Regression Equation 315
13.2 Standard Error of Estimate 316
13.3 Linear Multiple Regression 319
13.4 Coaxial Graphical Correlation of Rainfall Runoff 322

Statistical and Probability Analysis of Hydrological Data 327

14.1 Elements of Statistics 327
14.2 Probability of Hydrologic Events 332

Flood Frequency—Probability and Stochastic Methods 337

15.1 Flood Frequency Methods 337
15.2 Stochastic Method 344
15.3 Stochastic Modelling by the Partial Duration Series 344
15.4 Annual Flood Peaks—River Ganga 358
15.5 Regional Flood-Frequency Analysis (RFFA) 361

Mathematical Models in Hydrology 366

16.1 Type of Mathematical Models 366
16.2 Methods of Determining IUH 371
16.3 Synthetic Stream Flow 379
16.4 Flow at Ungauged Sites by Multiple Regression 381
16.5 Reservoir Mass Curve 381
16.6 Residual Mass Curve 383
16.7 Selection of Reservoir Capacity 383
16.8 Flood Forecasting 386
16.8 Mathematical Model 389

Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) 393

17.1 IUH for a Basin 393
17.2 Derivation of IUH 393
17.3 Other Methods of Derivation of IUH 394
17.4 NASH Conceptual Model 394
17.5 Clark’s Model 397
17.6 Drawing Isochrones and Time-Area Diagram (TAD) 398
17.7 Clark’s Method 398

Cloud Seeding 403

18.1 Conditions for Cloud Seeding 403
18.2 Cloud Seeding Technique 404
18.3 Cloud Seeding Operation 406
18.4 Recent Case History 406

Télécharger

thaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaankssssssssssssss

C'est très enrichissant et complet

un grand merci